New GOvernment and Electricity Pakistan

This work presents the dilemma of shortfall in the supply of electrical energy that is currently
faced by Pakistan. The root cause of this shortage in the supply of energy is mentioned in this
work. An abridged history as well as the present situation of the electricity production and its
consumption in the country is discussed. The electricity generation potential of Pakistan in
different sectors to produce energy is viewed. The importance of utilization of coal resources
and water resources for the production of electric power is discussed. Pakistan has been
blessed with rich and vast renewable energy (RE) resources. These renewable energy resources
can play effective and considerable role in contributing towards energy security and energy
independence of the country. Some predictions are made on the basis of empirical data and
preliminary observations. An estimated forecast of demand and supply of electricity for the next
twenty years is also projected in this article.
Key Words: Electrical Power energy, energy crisis, electricity generation, renewable
energy resources
1. ITRODUCTION
The electricity Pakistan is presently facing a serious energy crisis. Despite strong
economic growth during the past decade and consequent rising demand for energy, no
worthwhile steps have been taken to install new capacity for generation of the required
energy sources. Now, the demand exceeds supply and hence "load-shedding" is a
common phenomenon through frequent power shutdowns. Pakistan needs about
14000-15000MW electricity per day, and the demand is likely to rise to approximately
20,000 MW per day by 2010. Presently, it can produce about 11, 500 MW per day and
thus there is a shortfall of about 3000-4000MW per day. This shortage is badly
affecting industry, commerce and daily life of people.
All possible measures need to be adopted, i.e., to conserve energy at all levels, and
use all available sources to enhance production of energy. It seems that the
government is considering importing energy from Iran and Central Asian Republics and
using indigenous sources, such as, hydel, coal, waste, wind, and solar power, as well
as other alternate and renewable energy sources, besides nuclear power plants for
production of energy. Needless to say that if the country wishes to continue its
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economic development and improve the quality of life of its people, it has to make
serious efforts towards framing a coherent energy policy.
Energy crisis is the most burning issue that is facing by the whole world now a days. It
is the one of the basic requirement of economic development and an adequate
standard for living. The demand in the electrical energy demands in a country is
proportional to the growth in the population. If this demand is not met with the supply,
energy crisis is produced.Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis
since last many years. This problem becomes more severe in summer and as a result
shortage of electricity is faced 8 to 10 houres in urban areas while 16 to 18 hours in
rural areas. The above mentioned circumstances are due to lake of management and
planning. Any power system has three major parts- generation system, Transmission
System and Distribution System.
The main technical causes of the shortfall in the ability of energy crisis in Pakistan are
1. Insufficient installed generating capacity
2. Transmission system unable to transmit the load imposed
3. Grid stations and related equipment unable to carry the load imposed
4. Substantial distribution system of power supply
The major management related causes of the crisis are:
1. Faulty management information system
2 Failure of forecast and future planning
3 No new transmission / distribution networks and grid stations
2.1 HISTORICAL BACHGROUND
At the time of independence in 1947, Pakistan inherited 60MW of power generation
capability for a population of 31.5 million, yielding 4.5 units per capita consumption.
The Government of Pakistan in 1952 by acquiring majority shareholding took control of
the Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) engaged in generation, transmission and
distribution of electric energy to the industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential
consumers of the metropolitan city of Karachi and its suburbs.
In 1958, Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) was created as a semiautonomous
body for the purpose of coordinating and giving a unified direction to the
development of schemes in water and power sectors, which were previously being
dealt with by the respective electricity and irrigation department of the provinces.
In 1959, the generation capacity had increased to 119 MW and by that time the country
had entered the phase of development, which required a dependable and solid
infrastructure, electricity being its most significant part. The task of power development
was undertaken by WAPDA for executing a number of hydel and thermal generation
projects, a transmission network and a distribution system, which could sustain the
load of the rapidly increasing demand of electricity.
After the first five years of its operation by 1964-65, the electricity generation capability
rose to 636 MW from 119 MW in 1959, and power generation to about 2,500 MKWH
from 781 MKWH. At the inception of WAPDA, the number of electrified villages in the
country was 609 which were increased to 1882 villages (688,000 consumers) by the
year 1965. The rapid progress witnessed a new life to the social, technical and
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economic structures of the country. Mechanized agriculture started, industrialization
picked up and general living standards improved.
The task of accelerating the pace of power development picked up speed and by the
year 1970, the generating capability rose from 636 MW to 1331 MW with installation of
a number of thermal and hydel power units. In the year 1980 the system capacity
touched 3,000 MW which rapidly rose to over 7,000 MW in 1990-91.
However, electricity consumption in Pakistan has been growing at a higher pace
compared to economic growth due to the increasing urbanization, industrialization and
rural electrification. From 1970 to the early 1990s, the supply of electricity was unable
to keep pace with demand that was growing consistently at 9-10% per annum. In the
early 1990s, the peak demand exceeded supply capability by about 15-25%,
necessitating load shedding of about 1,500 - 2,000 MW. On the demand side, there
was a weak link between the electricity price and demand, which failed to manage the
demand. On the supply side, the main reason behind this capacity shortage was the
inability of the public budget to meet the high investment requirement of the power
sector, despite the allocation of a high share to this sector. During the 1990s, the
economic growth rate of Pakistan declined to a level of 4-5% per annum from a level of
6% per annum in the 1980s.
In order to eliminate power shortage/load shedding in the minimum possible time, the
Government constituted an Energy Task Force in 1993 to devise a consolidated and
comprehensive policy for revamping the energy sector. On the recommendations of
the Energy Task Force, the Government announced a "Policy Framework and
Package of Incentives for Private Sector Power Generation Projects" in March 1994 for
a large scale induction of private sector in power development. The said policy offered
a fix levelized tariff of USD 5.57/kWh to the prospective investors (USD 6.1/kWh
average for 1-10 years) and a number of other incentives to attract foreign investment
in the power sector.
The Power Policy 1994 helped in overcoming load shedding in the country. Rather, it
resulted in surplus power as the actual load growth was much less than that projected
and the projects were contracted beyond requirement. Moreover the Policy attracted
only thermal projects resulting in reversal of the hydel / thermal generation mix.
In the year 2000, the vertical disintegration of WAPDA started as part of the country's
new electricity market restructuring and liberalization program. Since then WAPDA has
been broken down into fourteen separate units: four thermal power generating
companies, nine distribution companies and a transmission and distribution company.
In November 2005, the Government of Pakistan privatized (74.35%) the Karachi
Electric supply Company (KESC). At present, KESC and WAPDA operate their own
networks and are interconnected through 220 KV double circuit transmission lines and
can supply power to each other.
On June 30' 2008, the total generation capacity from WAPDA's own hydel and thermal
sources plus generation from two nuclear power plants, KESC and Independent Power
Procedures (IPPs) stood at 19,420 MW.
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2.2 Present Situation of Crisis
At Present, less then 45% of Pakistan's population has no access to electricity. The
nation is currently facing a 5000 MW power supply shortage - the most severe energy
crisis to ever hit the country [3]. The occurrence of prolonged and frequent power
outages has had a negative impact on industry operation, the economy and the
livelihood of citizens in general. While the energy shortage continues to grow,
abundant indigenous sustainable energy resources such as wind, solar and biomass
remain virtually untapped[15]. The government attempted to promote the adoption of
renewable energy technologies (RETs) in 2006 by implementing its first renewable
energy policy. However, this policy has had limited success and faces a number of
challenges. These policy challenges must be clearly identified and addressed in order
to pave the way forward for a sustainable energy future in Pakistan.
Currently, approximately 60% of power generation in Pakistan is derived from fossil
fuels (primarily oil and gas) followed by hydroelectricity (35%) and nuclear energy
(2.84%). Figure 1 illustrates the shares of electricity generation by fuel type in 2011.
As it can be observed from the figure, hydro is the only sustainable energy resource
which Pakistan employs for large-scale power generation.
The total generation of electricity by different sectors in Pakistan is given in table1. A
forecast of demand and generation for years 2009 –2030 is given in the table 2. a
careful examination of table 2& 3 shows that although Pakistan's installed generating
capacity will increase, but the shortfall will continue to exist[2]. The government must
take serious steps to handle this situation.
3 Electricity Generation
The electricity production sector in Pakistan is a miscellaneous industry of hydro,
thermal and nuclear power plants. The country meets its energy requirement around
41% by indigenous gas, 19% by oil, and 37% by hydro electricity. Coal and nuclear
contribution to energy supply is limited to 0.16% and 2.84% respectively with a vast
potential for growth.
3.1 Hydel Generation
As a effect of partition of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent in 1947, India and Pakistan
became two autonomous states. Hydel generation capacity of only 10.7 MW (9.6 MW -
Malakand Power Station & 1.1 MW - Renala Power Station) existed in the territory of
Pakistan. With the passage of time, new hydel power projects of small and medium
capacities were commissioned including the first water storage dam and power house
at Warsak due to which country's hydel capability rose to about 267 MW up till 1963.
In the year 1967 & 1977, Mangla Dam on Jhelum River and Tarbela Dam on Indus
River having the provision of power generation were commissioned respectively.
However, their capacities were subsequently extended in different phases.
Pakistan has a huge potential to produce electric power from hydro-electric power
plants. In table 5 presents a view of electric power generation with power plants whose
feasibility study has been completed or is under process. Construction of all these
plants gives almost 6444 MW. This easily meets the electrical energy requirement of
Pakistan for next 20-25 years. The hydro-electric power has a great potential and
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these plants can give low cost electricity. As they are run of river plants, they can be
easily installed with minimum cost and in short time.
The seasonal variations of reservoir levels and consequent reduction in Power outputs
of storage type hydel projects in Pakistan are very pronounced. Tarbela with maximum
head of 450 feet experiences variation of 230 feet while Mangla has 162 feet variation
against the maximum head of 360 feet. The lean flow period of Tarbela reservoir is
from November to June when the Capability reduces to as low as about 1,350 MW
against the maximum of 3,692 MW during high head period i.e. August to September
(15% permissible overloading on Units 1~10). Lean flow period of Mangla reservoir is
observed from October to March when the minimum generating capability is 500 MW.
The capability rises to as high as 1,150 MW during 'high head' period (15% permissible
overloading).
In all, WAPDA's hydel generating capability varies between the two extremities of
2,414 MW and 6,746.0 MW over the cycle of a year. WAPDA is carrying out feasibility
studies and engineering designs for various hydropower projects with accumulative
generation capacity of more than 25,000 MW. Most of these studies are at an advance
stage of completion. After the completion of these projects the installed capacity would
rise to around 42,000 MW by the end of the year 2020. Pakistan has been blessed with
ample water resources but could store only 13% of the annual flow of its rivers. The
statistics warrant construction of number of reservoirs to enhance availability of water
which stands at 1,070 cubic meters per capita.The hydropower potential in Pakistan is
over 100,000 MW with identified sites of 55,000 MW. Currently, studies under way
include Diamer Basha (4,500 MW), Bunji (5,400 MW) and Kohala (1,100 MW) amongst
many others. As mentioned previously, hydro is the only sustainable energy resource
which Pakistan has been effectively employed for large-scale power generation.
Currently, Pakistan has an installed hydropower capacity of approximately 6.6 GW.
This figure is only 16% of the total hydropower potential in Pakistan, estimated to be
about 41.5 GW [15].
3.2. Thermal Generation
Pakistan with 185 billion tons of coal reserves, the fourth largest in the world, is under
utilizing this resource. In the overall energy mix, the share of coal power is only 7% as
compared to world average of 40%[3]. Coal is the main source for producing cheaper
electricity and the Government has decided to enhance the share of coal in the overall
energy mix of upto18% by 2030. The Government is striving hard to minimize the gap
between consumption and generation of electricity at affordable rate.Pakistan has the
4th largest coal reserve in the World, amounting to approximatel185.175 billion tones.
Thar has largest reserve in the country that is approximatey 75.5 billion tones. Pakistan
can generate more than 100,000 MW of electricity for next 30 years if it uses all coal
available to it. Bulk of Pakistan's power generation is based on thermal resources
mainly furnace oil and natural gas as fuel; coal is almost non-existent. The total
installed capacity of thermal power plants in the country as on June 30' 2008 was
12,478 MW. It is learnt through the sources of Pakistan Electric Power Company
(PEPCO) that an investment of around US$ 2 billion is expected in power sector
through Rental Power Projects (RPPs) and an additional electricity of 1,675 MW will be
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added in the system by 2009-10 when nine rental power projects will start generation.
At present Pakistan generates only 0.79% of its total electricity from coal [3]. Coal
contributes approximately 40% of the total global primary energy demand
3.3 Nuclear Power Generation
Pakistan is among the 30 nations in the world, which have reposed confidence in
Nuclear Power Plants. The global installed capacity of Nuclear Power Plants stood at
375,000 MW at the end of 2010, based on 442 Nuclear Power Plants. Since the first
Nuclear Power Plant was installed in 1950, tremendous progress has been achieved in
the field of Nuclear Power Generation. There has been substantial improvement in the
efficiency of Nuclear Power Plants and their availability factor has also increased,
which means reduced downtime for maintenance. These improvements have
encouraged a number of Asian nations to go for Nuclear Energy in a big way. Japan
and South Korea were already among the leading nations producing nuclear electricity.
In recent years China and India have made huge investments in Nuclear Power Plants.
China presently has 11 Nuclear Power Plants of total 9000 MW capacity, while the
total installed capacity of 20 Nuclear Power Plants in India has reached 4780 MW.
India has also recently commissioned a locally increase the installed capacity of its
Nuclear Power Plants to 8800 MW by 2020 by installing 10 new Nuclear Power Plants.
Pakistan is presently importing fuel for the developed nuclear power reactor of 220 MW
capacity. Pakistan has also drawn up plans to Nuclear Power plants from China. In
order to make the country self-sufficient in nuclear fuel,a facility is being developed,
which will use locally available Uranium ore to produce 350 tons of nuclear fuel
annually starting from 2015. To take care of the nuclear waste generated by the
Nuclear Plants, Waste Management Centers are being developed at Karachi and
Chashma, and a Repository for low and intermediate level waste is expected to be
commissioned by 2015
4. Renewable Energy
Pakistan has abundant available and unlimited renewable energy (RE) resources,
which if tapped effectively can play a considerable role in contributing towards energy
security and energy independence of the country. In May 2003, Alternative Energy
Development Board – AEDB was established to act as a central agency for
development, promotion and facilitation of renewable energy technologies, formulation
of plans, policies and development of technological base for manufacturing of
renewable energy equipment in Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan has tasked the
AEDB to ensure 5% of total national power generation capacity to be generated
through renewable energy technologies by the year 2030. In addition, under the
remote village electrification program, AEDB has been directed to electrify 7,874
remote villages in Sindh and Balochistan provinces through renewable energy
technologies. At present, total Renewable Energy produced in the country accounts at
40MW which is about 0.21% of total installed generation capacity of all sorts. America,
Canada and China have invested large sums of money into research and development
in order to obtain maximum energy from wind. Wind power is now the fastest-growing
energy source worldwide. Total worldwide production of electrical energy from wind is
around 30000MW. Germany, with over 12,000 megawatts of wind power at the end of
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2002, leads the world in generating capacity. Spain and the United States, at 4,800
and 4,700 megawatts, are second and third. Many predict that, with the development
of more efficient wind turbines, wind energy will provide an increasingly large
proportion of electrical production in the U.S. Tiny Denmark is fourth with 2,900
megawatts, and India is fifth with 1,700 megawatts. Although a score of countries now
generate electricity from wind, a second wave of major players is coming onto the field,
including the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Brazil, and China. However, land clearing
for vast "wind farms" may cause concern to environmentalists. The investment in
renewable, 50 MW wind energy project has been deployed in the Sindh region to date
- that, too, with limited success (Daily Times, PM Inaugurates Pakistan's First Wind
Power Project 2009).
The potential for renewable energy technologies to bridge the gap between energy
supply and demand in Pakistan is significant. Renewable energy projects have the
potential to improve energy security, provide socioeconomic benefits, reduce local
pollution and mitigate climate change. Further, due to the decentralized nature of
renewable energy projects, they have the potential to provide electricity to remote and
rural areas, thereby helping to alleviate poverty and reducing the need to collect and
burn biomass fuel [17].
Solar, wind, biomass and hydro energy resources are widespread and abundant in
Pakistan. The potential for each of these energy resources to help meet energy needs
will be discussed below.
4.1 Solar Energy
Pakistan lies about 15.5x1014 kWh of in a region of high solar irradiance; as such, it is
ideally suited for solar energy projects. Pakistan receives solar irradiance each year
with most regions receiving approximately 8 to 10 sunlight hours per day. The installed
capacity of solar photovoltaic power is estimated to be 1600 GW per year, providing
approximately 3.5 PWh of electricity (a figure approximately 41 times that of current
power generation in the country[15].
4.2 Wind Energy
Pakistan has high potential of renewable energy sources. A very large part of the rural
population does not have the facility of electricity because they are either too remote or
it is found too expensive to connect their villages to the national grid station. Pakistan
being in the sunny belt is ideally located to take advantage of solar energy. This energy
sources is widely distributed and abundantly available in the country. During last 15
years Pakistan has shown quite encouraging progress in the use of photovoltaic cells.
Currently electrical power derived from solar energy is being used is being used in
some public parks. These include Khalid bin Waleed Park in Peshawar and the Race
Course Park in Rawalpindi. The Public Health department has installed solar water
pump for drinking purposes in some parts of the country. Both public and private sector
are playing their role in up grading of photovoltaic system in the country. If this
technology is used in large scale commercial production of electricity the problem of
energy shortage can be substantially reduce. Wind energy has also been shown to
have strong technical potential in Pakistan, particularly in the southern regions of Sindh
and Balochistan. Pakistan has approximately 1000 km of coastline with steady average
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wind speeds ranging between 5-7 m/s. The projected installed capacity for wind energy
projects is estimated at 122.6 GW per year, providing about 212 TW of electricity
4.3 Biomass Energy
The availability of biomass in Pakistan is also widespread. Approximately 50 000
tonnes of solid waste, 225 000 tonnes of crop residue and over 1 million tonnes of
animal manure are produced 3 daily. It is estimated that the potential production of
biogas from livestock residue is 8.8 to 17.2 billion cubic meters of gas per year
(equivalent to 55 to 106 TWh of energy). Additionally, the annual electricity production
from bagasse (the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum processing)
is estimated at 5700 GWh; this figure is about 6.6% of Pakistan's current power
generation level[15]
Undoubtedly, renewable energy resources in Pakistan are widespread and present
significant technical potential to meet energy needs. This begs the question then, if the
potential for renewable energy resources in Pakistan is so great, why has there been
such little development in this field? The technical potential and availability of
renewable energy resources alone provides little indication about the success of
renewable energy project development in a country. For instance, Pakistan has a
greater technical potential for wind energy projects compared to its neighbor, India, yet
India has the fourth largest installed capacity of wind power in the world[7-13]. Indeed,
no matter how much technical potential exists, it is of little use unless an effective
policy bolsters development. To this end, Pakistan instituted its first renewable energy
policy in 2006. However, this policy has stimulated limited growth since its
implementation. The slow uptake of renewable energy technologies can be attributed
to numerous factors, ranging from a lack of infrastructure to poor competition with
conventional power generation. In order to pave the way forward for a sustainable
energy future in Pakistan, the challenges which energy policies face must be
systematically identified and addressed. This paper intends to discuss policy strengths
and challenges and to provide insight into how Pakistan can move forward towards a
sustainable energy future.
Conclusion
Pakistan has struggled to resolve its energy shortage problems for decades. As the
country is now facing an unprecedented energy crisis the drive to find effective longterm
energysolutions is stronger now than ever before. Renewable energy resources
such as wind and solar energy are abundant in Pakistan and show significant technical
potential to meet energy needs; however, the development of renewable energy power
projects is hindered by social, economic, technical, institutional and informational
barriers. The 2006 renewable energy policy makes important steps towards
encouraging RET deployment, but several policy challenges remain to be addressed.
The answer to strengthening the presence of renewable energy technologies in
Pakistan does not lie in any one solution to these challenges; rather, a holistic
approach must be employed. A number of approaches have been discussed to
address the roadblocks which RETs face. The government of Pakistan must take bold
steps towards restructuring energy policy in order to increase energy security and
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move towards a sustainable energy future. Primarily, policies should focus on bridging
the competitive gap between RETs and fossil fuels through measures such as subsidy
transfers, feed-in tariffs and accounting for negative and positive externalities. Of
course, increasing the competitiveness of RETs alone is not sufficient; issues such as
poor infrastructure, financing and technology access must also be addressed.
However, the biggest challenge lies in initially stimulating growth in renewable energy.
Upon addressing the most significant challenges facing RETs, market penetration will
naturally develop and the support for addressing further RET challenges will ensue.
The passage way towards a sustainable energy future in Pakistan is by no means
simple, but a solution certainly exists. Although a number of approaches have been
presented to encourage the growth of renewable energy in Pakistan, all of these
solutions will undoubtedly require significant effort and dedication on behalf of the
government. Pakistan must consider the long-term social, economic and environmental
benefits of renewable energy power generation for its people. Investing in 20
sustainable energy technologies today will pave the road towards a secure energy
future for tomorrow.
AKNOLDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr.Nazer Hussian, Mr. Sikander Saneen, Mr. M.Afzal and
Mr. Talat Mehmood for their help in the presentation of this work.
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Table 1. Total capacity of electric power generation of Pakistan in 2009.
PUBLIC
SECTOR
MW %age
WAPDA 6444 33
GENCOs 4834 25
PAEC 462 2
Sub-total 11740 60
PRIVATE
SECTOR
IPPs 6185 31
KESC 1756 9
Sub-Total 7941 40
G.Total 19681 100
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Table 2 Historical Peak Demand 2002-2007
Table 3 Forecast of Demand form 2009-2030 (as April 2011)
Year WAPDA
MW
G.Rate
KESC
MW
G.Rate
Country
MW
G.Rate
2001-02 10109
40.02%
1885
1.34%
11875
3.59%
2002-03 10481
3.68%
1973
4.67%
12330
3.11%
2003-04 11078
5.70%
2073
5.07%
13021
6.35%
2004-05 12035
8.46%
2197
5.98%
14091
8.22%
2005-06 13212
9.78%
2223
1.18%
15282
8.45%
2006-07 15138
14.6%
2349
5.67%
17314
13.33%
2007-08 16484
8.9%
2673
13.85%
18983
9.7%
Fiscal Years 2009 2010 2015 2016 2020 2025 2030
Net
Dependable
Capability
MW 17008 19477 33028 36560 52909 76200 106565
Growth
Rate 9% 15% 9% 11% 10% 8% 8%
Peak
Demand
MW 20594 24474 36217 40555 54359 80566 113695
Growth
Rate
7% 9% 8% 8% 9% 8% 7%
Surplus/
Deficits
-3586 -2876 324 1147 4066 4031 5087
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Table 4 Pakistan's Total Power Potential
Table 5 Run of River Projects with their Feasibility Status
Station/Projects Capacity
(MW)
Hydro-electric Power Station in
Operation
6596
Under Implements 1965
Chasnupp-2 300
Feasibility Study Completed
(i) Run Of River
(ii) Multipurpose
1780
8840
Feasibility Studies in Hand 10331
Projects Feasibility Studies
are to b Carried out
25000
Total 54711
Name of
Project
Capacity(MW) Feasibility
Status
Basho 28 Completed
Harpo 28 Completed
Phandar 80 Completed
Doyian 425 Completed
Naltr 32 Completed
Kohala 60 Completed
Gulpur 100 Completed
Kotli 100 Completed
Daral Khwar 35 Completed
Bunji 5400 In Hand
Dasu 3700 In Hand
Gabral 105 In Hand
Keyel Khwar 130 In Hand
Lawi 65 In Hand
Spat Gah
Lower
Scheme
545 In Hand
Chor Nullah
Lower
Scheme
386 In Hand
Total 10331
International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 50
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Table 6 Installed Power Generation Capacity (as on June 30' 2008)
Table 7 Electric Power Generation from Nuclear Power Plants (June 30' 2011)
Table 8 Renewable Energy Resources of Pakistan
TYPE MW %
Hydel - WAPDA 6480 33.30
Thermal - WAPDA 4900 25.20
Thermal KESC 1,756 9.02
Thermal IPPs 5,822 29.91
Nuclear 462 2.37
Others (renewable) - 0.20
Total 19,420 100.00
Break-up of nuclear generation capacity (MW)
Power stations
Capacity (MW)
Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) 137
Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-I (CHASNUPP-I)
Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-II (CHASNUPP-II)
325
313
Total 775
Wind 0. 346 Million MW
Solar 2.9 Million MW
Bagasse Cogeneration 1,800 MW
Waste to Power 500 MW
Mini & Small Hydel 2,000 MW
International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 51
110505-9393 IJBAS-IJENS © October 2011 IJENS I J E N S
Fig. 1
International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 05 52
110505-9393 IJBAS-IJENS © October 2011 IJENS I J E N S
Fig.2